Resonance [v1.0e]
Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) is a spatially resolved evanescent sensing technique that is highly sensitive to changes in refractive index (RI) and/or thickness near the metal/dielectric interface along which the plasmon wave propagates. Because chemical and biological reactions at the surface and interface are always accompanied by changes in RI and/or thickness, SPRi sensors have the excellent capability for label-free visualization and high-throughput detection of chemical and biological measurands. Since the birth of the first SPRi sensor in 19871, this type of evanescent sensor has been extensively studied with a focus on improving its performance and expanding its field of application. On the other hand, the performance improvement of SPRi sensors is also related with the rapid development of advanced digital camera technology. For example, the fast data processing speed and high pixel density of current digital cameras enable SPRi sensors to track multiple biochemical reaction processes in parallel with high time resolution and high image resolution. SPRi sensors have been commercialized in many companies, mainly including GWC Technologies (USA), IBIS Technologies (Netherlands), and Horiba (France). These commercial SPRi sensors are now playing an important role in various practical applications as the mainstream label-free biochemical analyzers.
Resonance [v1.0e]
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SPRi sensors can be constructed with either a prism coupler or an objective with high numerical aperture (NA). Compared with objective-based SPRi sensors, prism-based SPRi sensors have a larger field of view (FOV) but lower lateral resolution. The existing SPRi sensors typically use a laser as the light source, and they operate at a fixed angle of incidence and are initially in resonance to generate a dark-field background. Loading of the sample on the SPR chip causes the resonance to deviate, resulting in a greyscale image of the sample. The intensity at a single pixel of the image varies within a limited range with the sample RI and/or thickness and can easily reach saturation. This means that the detection dynamic range of the monochromatic SPRi sensors is very narrow, typically 0.02 RIU2, which makes it impossible for the sensor to simultaneously visualize multiple objects with large differences in RI and/or size. SPR sensors based on either angle interrogation or wavelength interrogation allow quantification of sample RI and/or thickness by fitting the measured resonance angle or measured resonance wavelength (RW) using the Fresnel equations. This capability, however, is lost in the monochromatic SPRi sensors because the intensity measured at each pixel of the SPR image is affected by multiple factors, including the power of the light source, the coupling efficiency, and the detector sensitivity, not only the sample properties. 041b061a72